Agriculture is the science of the patterns of formation and development of fertility of arable lands and practical methods of their effective use and reproduction in intensive farming. The doctrine of fertility, about the relationship between cultivated plants and arable soil - the basis for the rational use and conservation of land, as means of production.2.1Scientific foundations of agriculture. Factors of plant life and laws of agriculture. Cosmic and terrestrial factors of plant life. Features of the use of various life factors by plants. Soil as an intermediary of cultivated plants in the use of earthly life factors. Laws of crop formation. Harvest, as a function of soil, plants, weather, human production activity. The law of equal significance and independence of plant life factors. Law of Return, as the basis of the theory of fertility reproduction. The scientific inconsistency of the “law” of diminishing soil fertility. The use of the laws of crop formation in practical agriculture. The concept of soil fertility. Types of fertility. Components and factors of fertility of arable soils. Biological factors of fertility. The influence of biological factors on the agronomic properties of soil and the yield of field crops. Agrophysical factors of arable soil fertility and conditions of water-air and thermal soil regimes. Relationship between fertility factors. Differences in the mechanism of fertility of natural and agriculturally used soils. Dependence of the harvest and its quality on the level of fertility. The influence of fertility on the efficiency of agricultural practices and labor productivity in agriculture. The need to reproduce soil fertility factors in agriculture. Incomplete,simple and extended fertility. Reproduction of biological fertility factors. Assessment of field crops in terms of their role in humus balance and impact on soil biological activity. The role of organic and mineral fertilizers in the reproduction of soil organic matter. Reproduction agrophysical, agrochemical factors of fertility and soil moisture. 2.2 Soil structure and its role in modern agriculture. Determination of structure and its effect on soil properties. Assessment of the quality of the structure by the size of the aggregates, their connectivity, water resistance porosity. Crumbling of soil into aggregates. Optimal size of structural aggregates and its dependence on soil and climatic conditions. Water resistance of the structure, its role in agriculture. Agronomically valuable structure. Regulation of the structural composition of soil in agriculture. 2.3 The structure of the arable layer and its role in increasing soil fertility in conditions of intensive farming. The role of the structure of the arable layer in increasing soil fertility. Indicators, characterizing the structure. Conditions, on which the change in the density of the arable layer depends. Optimal values ​​of the structure of the arable layer and the conditions determining them. Equilibrium density and its use in agriculture. The main ways to regulate the structure of the arable layer. 2.4Water regime of the soil and ways of its regulation in intensive agriculture. Requirement for water in agriculture. plants, critical periods in relation to moisture. General and available (productive) soil water reserves, and on what conditions they depend. MG; University; VRK; NV. Optimal soil moisture for plant growth and what it depends on. Physical and biological drying of the soil. Restoration of moisture reserves in the soil. Precipitation and its productivity. The special role of spring moisture reserves in steppe agriculture. The main ways of accumulating moisture reserves and reducing soil waterlogging. 2.5 Air and thermal regimes of the soil and their regulation. Air regime - as one of the factors of soil fertility. Indicators, characterizing the air regime of the soil. Its dependence on the structure, methods of cultivating soil and cultivated crops. Basic principles and techniques for regulating the air regime of the soil. The importance of thermal regime in plant life. Heat balance. Thermal properties of soil and their role in increasing its fertility. Influence of the structure of the arable layer, its structural composition, tillage, cultivated crops on thermal conditions. Basic principles and techniques for regulating soil thermal conditions.